Non-Apis bee diseases

Fungi

Microbe	Taxonomy	Known hosts	Effect on host	Citations
Antonospora scoticae	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi;Microsporidia;Microsporidia incertae sedis; Antonospora	Andrena scotica	Negative	Fries et al. 1999
Ascosphaera acerosa	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata, Megachile sp.	Apathogenic	Anderson et al. 1998, Bissett 1996
Ascosphaera aggregata	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Negative	Anderson et al. 1998, McFrederick 2014
Ascosphaera asterophora	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Apathogenic	Anderson et al. 1998, Skou 1982
Ascosphaera atra	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Apathogenic	Anderson et al. 1998
Ascosphaera callicarpa	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Chelostoma florisomne	fecal pellet saprotroph	Wynns et al. 2013
Ascosphaera celerrima	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Not known	Anderson et al. 1998
Ascosphaera cinnamomea	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Not known	Skou 1988, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera duoformis	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Trigona carbonaria	Apathogenic	Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera flava	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile sp.	Not known	Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera fusiformis	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Not known	Anderson et al. 1998, Skou 1988, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera larvis	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Negative	Bissett 1988, Hedtke et al. 2015
Ascosphaera major	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile centuncularis	Facultative parasite	Holm and Skou 1972
Ascosphaera naganensis	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Not known	Hedtke et al. 2015, Skou 1988
Ascosphaera osmophila	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Chalicodoma mystaceana, Megachile spp.	Negative	Anderson et al. 1998, Klinger et al. 2013
Ascosphaera parasitica	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Not known	Skou 1988, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera pollenicola	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Apathogenic	Bissett 1988, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera scaccaria	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Leioproctus sp.	Negative	Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera solina	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Colletidae	Not known	Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera spp.	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons, Osmia bicornis, Bombus spp., Andrena sp., Halictus sp. Lasioglossum sp.	Negative	Hedtke et al. 2015, Evison et al. 2012, Ravoet et al. 2014
Ascosphaera subcuticulata	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile (Chalicodoma) aethiops	Pathogenic	Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera subglobosa	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Apathogenic	Wynns et al. 2012
Ascosphaera torchio	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia lignaria	Negative	Torchio 1992
Ascosphaera variegata (synonym colubrina)	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile rotundata	Not known	Bissett 1988, Anderson & Gibson 1998, Wynns et al. 2012
Ascosphaera verrucosa	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Apathogenic	Skou 1988, Anderson & Gibson 1998
Ascosphaera xerophila	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Osmia cornifrons	Not known	Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson & Gibson 1998, Skou 1988
Ascosphera proliperda	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae; Ascosphaera	Megachile centuncularis, Osmia cornifrons, other Megachile	Negative	Hedtke et al. 2015, Anderson 1998, Holm and Skou 1972.
Aspergillus flavus	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae	Nomia melanderi, Diadasia bituberculata	Negative	Batra and Bohart 1969, Batra, Batra and Bohart 1973, Linsley and MacSwain 1952
Aspergillus spp.	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae	Osmia cornifrons	Negative	Hedtke et al. 2015
Aspergillus tamarii	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae	Nomia melanderi	Negative	Batra and Bohart 1969
Aspergillus terreus	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiomycetidae; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae	Nomia melanderi	Negative	Batra, Batra, and Bohart 1973
Beauveria bassiana	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; sordariomyceta; Sordariomycetes; Hypocreomycetidae; Hypocreales; Cordycipitaceae; Beauveria	Bombus pratorum, Bombus spp.	Negative	Leatherdale 1970
Fusarium solani	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; sordariomyceta; Sordariomycetes;Hypocreomycetidae; Hypocreales; Nectriaceae; Fusarium; Fusarium solani species complex	Nomia melanderi	Negative	Batra and Bohart 1969
Microsporidia	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi	Bombus spp., Lasioglossum sp.	Unknown	Evison et al. 2012
Mucor sp.	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Fungi incertae sedis; Mucoromycotina; Mucorales; Mucorineae; Mucoraceae	Nomia melanderi	Negative	Batra and Bohart 1969
Nosema apis	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Microsporidia; Apansporoblastina; Nosematidae	Bombus spp.	Unknown	Graystock et al. 2013
Nosema bombi	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Microsporidia; Apansporoblastina; Nosematidae	Bombus spp.	Negative	Cameron et al. 2011, Graystock et al. 2013; Li et al. 2012
Nosema ceranae	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Microsporidia; Apansporoblastina; Nosematidae	Bombus spp., Osmia cornuta, Osmia bicornis, Andrena vaga, Andrena ventralis, Heriades truncorum	Negative in Bombus	Graystock et al. 2013, Furst et al. 2014, Ravoet et al. 2014; Li et al. 2012
Nosema undescribed spp.	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Microsporidia; Apansporoblastina; Nosematidae	Bombus spp.	Unknown	Li et al. 2012
Rhizopus sp.	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Fungi incertae sedis; Mucoromycotina; Mucorales; Mucorineae; Rhizopodaceae	Nomia melanderi, Diadasia bituberculata	Negative (spoilage)	Batra and Bohart 1969, Linsley and MacSwain 1952
Trichothecium roseum	Eukaryota; Opisthokonta;Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; sordariomyceta; Sordariomycetes; Hypocreomycetidae; Hypocreales; Hypocreales incertae sedis;Trichothecium	Nomia melanderi	Negative	Batra, Batra, and Bohart 1973

Viruses

Microbe	Taxonomy	Known hosts	Effect on host	Citations
Acute bee paralysis virus	Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Dicistroviridae; Aparavirus	Bombus spp.	Unknown	McMahon et al. 2015
Black Queen Cell Virus	Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Dicistroviridae; Cripavirus	Bombus spp., Xylocopa virginica, Andrena sp.	Unknown	Singh et al. 2010, McMahon et al. 2015
Deformed Wing Virus	Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Iflaviridae; Iflavirus	Bombus spp., Megachile rotundata, Nomia melanderi, Augochlora pura, Andrean sp., Ceratina dupla, Xylocopa virginica	Negative	Singh et al. 2010, Levitt 2013, Evison et al. 2012, Singh 2011, Dissertation, Furst et al. 2014
Entomopox-like virus	Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Poxviridae; Entomopoxvirinae; unclassified Entomopoxvirinae	Bombus spp.Unknown	Unknown	Clark 1982
Israeli acute paralysis virus	Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Dicistroviridae; Aparavirus	Megachile rotundata, Nomia melanderi, Bombus impatiens, Augochlora pura	Replicates in Bombus	Levitt et al. 2012, Singh et al. 2010, Singh 2011, Dissertation
Sac brood virus	Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Iflaviridae; Iflavirus	Bombus spp., Andrena sp.	Unknown	Singh 2010, McMahon et al. 2015
Slow bee paralysis virus	Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Picornavirales; Iflaviridae; Iflavirus	Bombus spp.	Unknown	McMahon et al. 2015

Bacteria

Microbe	Taxonomy	Known hosts	Effect on host	Citations
Arsenophonus	Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae	Megachile rotundata, Colletes spp.	Unknown, reproductive parasite in other insects	McFrederick 2014, Gerth 2015
Paenibacillus sp.	Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Paenibacillaceae	Osmia cornifrons, Halictus ligatus, Megalopta genalis, Megalopta centrals	Not known	Hedtke 2015, McFrederick 2014, McFrederick 2012
Rickettsia	Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Rickettsieae	Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.	Unknown	Gerth et al. 2015
Spiroplasma apis	Bacteria; Tenericutes; Mollicutes; Entomoplasmatales; Spiroplasmataceae	Osmia bicornis, Bombus spp.	Unknown	Ravoet et al. 2014, Meeus 2012
Spiroplasma melliferum	Bacteria; Tenericutes; Mollicutes; Entomoplasmatales; Spiroplasmataceae	Andrenid, Anthophora, Bombus spp., Osmia bicornis	Unknown	Clark et al. 1985, Ravoet et al. 2014, Meeus 2012
Wolbachia	Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Anaplasmataceae; Wolbachieae	Andrena sp., Halictus sp. Lasioglossum sp., Halictus ligatus, Augochlora pura, Megalopta genalis, Megalopta centralis, Melittidae, Megachilidae, Apidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Colletidae	Unknown, reproductive parasite in other insects	Evison et al. 2012, McFrederick et al. 2012, McFrederick et al. 2014, Gerth et al. 2015

Protists

Microbe	Taxonomy	Known hosts	Effect on host	Citations
Apicystis bombi	Eukaryota; Alveolata; Apicomplexa; Conoidasida; Gregarinasina; Neogregarinorida; Ophryocystidae; Apicystis	Bombus spp., Osmia cornuta, Osmia bicornis, Andrena vaga, Andrena ventralis, Heriades truncorum	Negative in Bombus	Graystock et al. 2013, Gamboa et al. 2015, Ravoet et al. 2014
Crithidia bombi	Eukaryota; Euglenozoa; Kinetoplastida; Trypanosomatidae; Leishmaniinae; Crithidia	Bombus spp., Andrean vaga, Osmia bicornis	Negative in Bombus	Shykoff and Schmidt-Hempel 1991 (among many others), Ravoet et al. 2014
Crithidia expoeki	Eukaryota; Euglenozoa; Kinetoplastida; Trypanosomatidae; Leishmaniinae; Crithidia	Bombus spp.	Not known.	Schmid-Hempel and Tognazzo 2010
Crithidia mellificae	Eukaryota; Euglenozoa; Kinetoplastida; Trypanosomatidae; Leishmaniinae; Crithidia	Vespula squamosa, Osmia bicornis, Osmia cornuta	Unknown	Schwarz et al. 2015, Ravoet et al. 2015

Reference

These data come from supplemental material of:The Bee Microbiome: Impact on Bee Health and Model for Evolution and Ecology of Host-Microbe InteractionsEngel et al., mBio, 2016; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02164-15PubMed PMID: 27118586; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4850275.